APA+style+sheet

IN THE NAME OF GOD APA style sheet **The //APA Style Sheet// **is a concise guide to using the style of the American Psychological Association in writingresearch papers. It is based on the current fifth edition of the APA //Publication Manual//. . Style Sheet Contents 1) General Style Notes  · Abbreviations, Biased Language, Capitalization, Compound Words, Emphasis (Italics-Quotes), Numbers, Punctuation & Lists, Quotations, Terminology   2) Page Formats · Text Details, Title & Text pages (graphic), Headings & Subheadings, References & Tables (graphic), Tables (notes) 3) Research Documentation  · Text Citations, Reference Lists   4) Sample References · Anonymous Works, Books & Chapters, Conference Papers, Journal Articles, Newspapers & Magazines, Reference Works, Reports & Papers, Web Pages **APA style **is the style of writing used by journals published by the American Psychological Association (APA). The style is documented in the //APA Publication Manual// (5th ed., 2001). APA style is the widely recognized standard for research writing in psychology and education. Some of the more commonly used rules and reference formats from the manual are listed here. However, this style sheet is no substitute for the 440 page APA //Manual//, which should be purchased by any serious student of psychology or education. The APA //Manual// can be found in almost any college bookstore, as well as in many largegeneral-purpose bookstores. The spiral bound edition is especially handy when formatting research papers. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The APA //Manual// draws a distinction between //final manuscripts// such as class papers, theses, and dissertations, and//copy manuscripts// to be submitted for review and publication. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Final manuscripts differ from copy manuscripts in these ways: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· //Spacing//. "Double-spacing is required throughout most of the manuscript. When single-spacing would improve readability, however, it is usually encouraged. Single spacing can be used for table titles and headings, figure captions, references (but double-spacing is required between references), footnotes, and long quotations" (APA, 2001). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· //Figures, tables, and footnotes//. "In a manuscript submitted for publication, figures, tables, and footnotes are placed at the end of the manuscript; in theses and dissertations, such material is frequently incorporated at the appropriate point in text as a convenience to readers" (APA, 2001). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The most notable **additions and changes** to fifth edition of the APA //Manual// (2001) include: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· //Electronic sources// require new formats in references. The formats previously featured on the APA Web site have been superseded. Several formats are included in the //Style Sheet//. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· //Italics or underline?// "Use the functions of your word-processing program to create italic, bold, or other special fonts or styles following the style guidelines specified in this //Publication Manual//" (APA, 2001). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· //Hanging indents.// "APA publishes references in a //hanging indent// format. . . . If a hanging indent is difficult to accomplish with your word-processing program, it is permissible to indent your references with paragraph indents" (APA, 2001). **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">GENERAL STYLE NOTES ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">These Style Notes **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">cover details commonly encountered when drafting a research paper. These are also the details that knowledgeable readers are likely to note when you get them wrong. You may elect to apply your own best judgment on the more esoteric features, as long as you remember to be slavishly consistent throughout your paper. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Abbreviations ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Avoid abbreviations (acronyms) except for long, familiar terms (MMPI).· Explain what an abbreviation means the first time it occurs: American Psychological Association (APA).· If an abbreviation is commonly used as a word, it does not require explanation (IQ, LSD). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Do not use the old abbreviations for subject, experimenter, and observer (S, E, O). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· The following abbreviations should NOT be used outside parenthetical comments: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Use periods when making an abbreviation within a reference (Vol. 3, p. 6, 2nd ed.) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Do not use periods within degree titles and organization titles (PhD, APA). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Do not use periods within measurements (lb, ft, s) except inches (in.). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Use s for second, m for meter. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· To form plurals of abbreviations, add s alone, without apostrophe (PhDs, IQs, vols.,Eds). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· In using standard abbreviations for measurements, like m for meter, do not add an s to make it plural (100seconds is 100 s); when referring to several pages in a reference or citation, use the abbreviation pp. (with a period after it and a space after the period). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Do not use the abbreviation "pp." for magazine or journal citations; just give the numbers themselves. Do use "pp." for citations of encyclopedia entries, multi-page newspaper articles, chapters or articles in edited books. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Use two-letter postal codes for U.S. state names (GA). **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Biased and Pejorative Language ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">In general, avoid anything that causes offense. The style manual makes the following suggestions: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Correct Use of the Terms "Gender" and "Sex" ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The term "gender" refers should be used when referring to men and women as social groups, as in this example from the APA //Manual:// "sexual orientation rather than gender accounted for most of the variance in the results; most gay men and lesbians were for it, most heterosexual men and women were against it" (APA, 2001).The term "sex" refers to biology and should be used when biological distinctions are emphasized, for example, "sex differences in hormone production." Avoid gender stereotypes. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Sensitivity to Labels ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Be sensitive to labels. A person in a clinical study should be called a "patient," not a "case." Avoid equating people with their conditions. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Capitalization ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Capitalize formal names of tests (Stroop Color-Word Interference Test). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Capitalize major words and all other words of four letters or more, in headings, titles, and subtitles outside reference lists. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Capitalize names of conditions, groups, effects, and variables only when definite and specific. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Capitalize the first word after a comma or colon if, and only if, it begins a complete sentence <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Capitalize specific course and department titles (CU Department of Anthropology). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Do not capitalize generic names of tests (Stroop color test). "Stroop" is a name, so it remains capitalized. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Capitalize nouns before numbers, but not before variables <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Do not capitalize names of laws, theories, and hypotheses (the law of effect). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Do not capitalize when referring to generalities (any department, any introductory course). **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Compound Words ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Compound words **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">are two or more words that work together in a specified order. This order cannot be reversed or rearranged without destroying the compound word’s meaning. A dictionary is the best guide to spelling and usage. If it is not in the dictionary it is not likely a hyphenated compound, but check the following rules for possible exceptions. If it is in the dictionary, use the first spelling given. “With frequent use, open or hyphenated compounds tend to become closed (//on line// to //on-line// to //online//). Chicago’s general adherence to Webster does not preclude occasional exceptions when the closed spellings have become widely accepted, pronunciation and readability are not at stake, and keystrokes can be saved” (CMS 2003). **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">General Rules ** //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Full-time compound //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">words are hyphenated whatever their role in a sentence—as an adjective or a noun. “The courtmartialhearing is set for 1000 hours. The hearing will determine whether a court-martial is warranted.” //Courtmartial//is a full-time compound word (as is “full-time”). This information is given in a dictionary. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Conditional compounds //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">are hyphenated as **//adjectives//**, but not when used as nouns. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1. //Adjectival compound.// “The counselor suggested a //role-playing// technique to reduce the stress of encounters, but cautioned that //role playing// alone would not solve the problem.” //Role-playing// is a compound adjective, but not a compound noun. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2. //Add a hyphen// to any prefix attached to a proper noun, capitalized abbreviation, or number. For example, the //post-Freudian// era, the //pre-1960s// civil rights movement, the many //non-ASA// journals in sociology. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3. //Fractions.// “When. . . a fraction is considered a single quantity, it is hyphenated [whether it is used as a noun or as an adjective]” (CMS 2003, p. 383). //One-fourth// the audience was comprised of former refugees. A //twothirds//majority was required to pass the initiative. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4. //Made-up compound.// A compound may be of the //made-up-for-the-occasion// variety: “The //up-to-date// figures were unadjusted.” But when these terms are used in the predicate they are not hyphenated: The compound <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">word was //made up for the occasion.// “The unadjusted figures were //up to date//.” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5. //Serial compounds.// When two or more compound modifiers have a common base, this base is sometimes omitted in all but the last modifier, but the hyphens are retained. Long- and short-term memory, 2-, 3-, and 10- min trials. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">6. //Do not hyphenate// a compound term using an adverb ending in //-ly//. “The widely used term was not yet in the dictionary. Such clearly understood terms are eventually documented if they endure.” **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Avoid confusion! **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">A //re-creation// is not the same as //recreation//. Does “the fast sailing ship” refer to a ship that was designed for speed, or one that is making an unusually fast passage? If the former, then it is a //fast// sailing ship. If it is the latter, then it is a //fast-sailing// ship (CMS 1993). **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Prefixes ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Through long usage most common prefixes do not require a hyphen: //aftereffect, antifreeze, cofounder, Internet, microwave, oversight, preempt, reexamine, supermarket, unbiased, underground//. There are many exceptions. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">When in doubt check a dictionary. Note the following exceptions: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1. //Same two letters.// If the prefix puts the same two letters together, a hyphen is sometimes inserted. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2. //Superlatives-diminutives.// Some prefixes, best-, better-, ill-, lesser-, little-, well-, are hyphenated when they precede the noun they modify, but are not hyphenated when preceded by a modifier, or when used as a predicate adjective. The ill-advised attack failed, the strategy was ill advised. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3. //Weird terms.// If the prefix creates an unfamiliar or weird term, a hyphen may improve clarity. The Turabian//Guide// offers these examples: //pro-ally, anti-college// instead of //proally, anticollege//. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The following prefixes //always// require a hyphen. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Emphasis: Italics or Quotation Marks? ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Italicize or underline **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">the titles of books, species names, novel or technical terms and labels (the first time only), words and phrases used as linguistic examples, letters used as statistical symbols, and the volume numbers in references to journal articles. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Add emphasis to a word or short phrase by putting it intalics (the first time only). Use this sparingly! <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Add emphasis to a word or phrase in a quotation with italics, //followed by the note// [italics added] in brackets. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Note a word used as a word, or a foreign term, with italics, for example, //hutte//means //hut// in German. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Introduce a keyword or technical term (the //neoquasipsychoanalytic//theory), or identify endpoints on a scale(//poor// to //excellent//) with italics. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Do not italicize foreign words that have entered common usage (et al., a priori, laissez-faire, arroyo). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Use quotation marks for: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· odd or ironic usage the first time--the “outrageous” use of social security funds to finance the deficit. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· article and chapter titles cited in the text but not in the reference list. (In Smith's (1992) article, "APA Style  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">and Personal Computers," computers were described as "here to stay" (p. 311).  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Do not use quotes to hedge, cast doubt, or apologize (e.g., he was "cured"). Leave off the quotes.   **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Punctuation & Lists **  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Do not use a colon or other punctuation after an introduction which is not a complete sentence such as this one, or any other sentence in the body of text which flows into an extended quote. The quote "picks up where the sentence leaves off" and provides the punctuation.   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Use a dash (an em dash or double hyphen) when there is a sudden interruption like this one--zoiks!--in the   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">flow of a sentence. Overuse "weakens the flow of the writing" (APA, 2001, p. 81). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Use parentheses to introduce an abbreviation, for example, the galvanic skin response (GSR). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· When enumerating a series of topis or subjects: (a) introduce each topic with a letter in parenthese, (b) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">following a colon, to (c) emphasize their distinctiveness. This is called enumeration or seriation. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· When listing separate paragraphs in a series, use a number and a period, not parentheses and letters. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1. The first paragraph goes here. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2. The second paragraph goes here. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Space once **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">after all punctuation, including: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· after commas, colons, and semicolons; <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· after punctuation marks at the ends of sentences; <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· after periods that separate parts of a reference citation <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· after periods of the initials in personal names (e.g., J. R. Zhang). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Do not space after internal periods in abbreviations (e.g., a.m., i.e., U.S.) or around colons in ratios (APA 2001, 291). **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">No bullets? **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The APA //Publication Manual// makes no mention of using bullets in research papers. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Numbers ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">“Use figures to express numbers 10 and above and words to express numbers below 10” as long as the numbers below 10 do not express precise measurements and are not grouped with numbers above 10 (APA, 2001). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Spell out common fractions and common expressions (one-half, Fourth of July). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Spell out numbers beginning sentences (Thirty days hath September . . .). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Spell out numbers which are inexact, or below 10 and not grouped with numbers over 10 (one-tailed //t// test,  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">eight items, nine pages, three-way interaction, five trials). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· To make plurals out of numbers, add //s// only, with no apostrophe (the 1950s). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· When numbers below 10 must be mixed with numbers above 10 in the same sentence they should be written asNumerals <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Use words and numerals with two numbers in series (five 4-point scales). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Use combinations of numerals and written numbers for large sums (over 3 million people). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Use numerals for exact statistical references, scores, sample sizes, and sums (multiplied by 3, or 5% of the sample). "We used 30 subjects, all two year olds, and they spent an average of 1 hr 20 min per day crying.  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Use metric abbreviations with figures (4 km) but not when written out (many meters distant).   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Use the percent symbol (%) only with figures (5%) not with written numbers (five percent).   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Put a leadin zero before decimal fractions less than one (e.g., 0.25 km), unless the fraction can never be greater than one as in probabilities (e.g., //p// < .01).   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Ordinal numbers follow the same rules as other numbers. Spell out ordinals below 10: first, second, . . . ninth.   **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Quotations ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Quotations must be placed in quotes or indented as a block quote. All quotations must include a citation referringthe reader to the source document. As a matter of form quotations should be integrated into the flow of your text, andmay be edited to do so. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Reproduce a quote exactly. If there are errors, introduce the word //sic// italicized and bracketed <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· When the author is introduced in the text the page number follows the quotation, but the date follows the author’s name. Smith (1999) reported that “the creature walked like a duck and quacked like a duck”. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The abbreviation “p.” for page (“pp.” for pages) is lower cased. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Without an introductory phrase, the author, date, and page are placed together. For example, It was reported that “the creature walked like a duck and quacked like a duck” (Smith, 1999,). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· If a quote begins in what is mid-sentence in the original, the first word may be uppercased to open a sentence. “Quotations should be integrated into the flow of your text.” Do not write “[Q]uotations should be. . . .” Conversely, a uppercased word should be lowercased “as a matter of form” without indicating the change. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Expand or clarify words or meanings in a quotation by placing the added material in quotes. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Use three dots with a space before, between, and after each (ellipsis points) when omitting material, four if the omitted material includes the end of a sentence (with no space before the first). Do not use dots at the beginning or end of a quotation unless it is important to indicate the quotation begins or ends in midsentence. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· “The punctuation mark at the end of a sentence [in a quotation] may be changed to fit the syntax [without indicating the change in the text]” (APA, 2001). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Double quotation marks may be changed to single quotes, and the reverse, without indicating the change. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Add emphasis in a quotation with italics, //followed by the note// [italics added] in brackets. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Terminology ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Despite dictionary advice to the contrary, APA style insists that //data// is the plural form of //datum//. Preferred forms of words are (see APA, 2001,): <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">appendix (//appendixes not// appendices) phenomenon (//phenomena// is plural) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">datum (//data// is plural only!) schema (//schemas// is plural) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">matrix//(matrices not// matrixes) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· **disc**This usage is reserved for optical storage media, as in Compact Disc or CD; digital versatile disc or DVD. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· **disk**This usage is reserved for rewritable storage media—hard disks and floppy disks. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· **e-mail**The //hyphenated form is found in the AMA, APA, CMS, and MLA style manuals!// The //e// is never <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">uppercased except at the beginning of a sentence. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· **Internet [Net]** Internet is a proper noun. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· **electronic mailing list [listserv]** The APA manual notes that //Listserv// is a trademarked name for an //electronic mailing list// (the term it prefers instead). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· **Web** This is a proper noun. When //Web// is used in an open compound term (or with a hyphen when used as an adjective), as in //Web page//, //Web// is uppercased. When the compound term is closed, //Web// is spelled lowercased, as in //webmaster//. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· **Web based [Web-based]** This term was found in the APA manual, spelled open as a noun. It was found in  //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Wired Style //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">spelled with a hyphen used as an adjective (1999, p. 173). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· **Web page [Web page]** This term is spelled open. When a compound term is spelled open (without a hyphen), or as a compound adjective (with a hyphen), as in //Web page, Web-page design//, then //Web// is uppercased. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· **Web site [Web site]** This term is spelled open. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· **webmaster, web. . .** Most Web terms (except //Web ring//) are spelled lowercased and closed (without a hyphen): //webcam, webcast, webhead, webmail, webzine//, etc. (then again, there’s also //WebTV)//. But some of these terms should probably be spelled open in formal writing— //Web cam, Web cast, Web mail, Web TV.// **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">PAGE FORMATS ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The APA //Manual// **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">notes that "the size of the type should be one of the standard typewriter sizes (pica or elite) or, if produced from a word processing program, 12 points" (2001, p. 285). The body of the paper should be in a serif typeface (like Courier or Times Roman) with lettering on figures in a sans serif typeface (such as Helvetica or Arial). **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Title and Text Pages ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Title/Abstract Page. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The APA //Manual// offers no instructions for formatting the title page of a research paper for class use (a final manuscript). The format shown has been favorably reviewed by faculty from several universities. Numerous other requirements must be met when preparing a paper for publication (a copy manuscript). **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Headings? ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">APA headings follow a complex hierarchy, with provision for up to five levels. These come, in descending order, as levels 5, 1, 2, 3, 4. But if up to three levels of headings are required, use levels 1, 3, and 4, in that order. If four levels are required, insert level 2 between levels 1 and 3. If five levels are required, start with level five and work down in order (5, 1, 2, 3, 4). Confused? Most papers will need no more than three levels. To avoid confusion these **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Line Spacing? ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">“Double-spacing is required throughout most of the manuscript. When single-spacing would improve readability, however, it is usually encouraged. Single spacing can be used for table titles and headings, figure captions, references (but double-spacing is required between references), footnotes, and long quotations” (APA, 2001, p. 326). This directive applies only to research papers presented as //final manuscripts//. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">References & Tables ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Table Notes ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Number tables consecutively as they appear in your text. Use only whole numbers, no 5a, 5b, etc. See recent issues of the //American Psychologist// or other APA journals for more complex table layouts. "Tables are efficient, enabling the researcher to present a large amount of data in a small amount of space" (APA, 2001). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Place tables close to where they are first mentioned in your text, but do not split a table across pages. (Tables in papers submitted for review or publication are placed on separate pages at the end of the paper.) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Label each table beginning with the table number followed by a description of the contents in italics. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Horizontal rules (lines) should be typed into tables; do not draw them in by hand. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Each row and column must have a heading. Abbreviations and symbols (e.g., "%" or "nos.") may be used in headings. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Do not change the number of decimal places or units of measurement within a column. "Use a zero before the decimal point when numbers are less than one" (APA, 2001, p. 128). Write "0.23" not ".23" //unless// the number is a statistic that cannot be larger than one. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Add notes to explain the table. These may be general notes, footnotes, or probability notes. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· General notes follow the word //Note: (in italics)// and are used to expalin general information about the table, such as the source. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Footnotes are labeled "a, b, c, etc." and set in supercript. They explain specific details. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· Probability notes are indicated by asterisks and other symbols to indicate statistical significance. This is  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">explained in the probability note at the bottom of the table. "Assign a given alpha level the same number ofasterisks from table to table within your paper, such as *//p// < .05 and **//p// < .01; the larger [greater] probability receives the fewest asterisks [the smaller or lessor probability gets more asterisks]" (APA, 2001, p. 170). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">· You may both single space and double space within a table to achieve clarity. Tables in papers submitted for review or publication (only!) must be double spaced throughout. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">References <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Dewey, R. A. (2002). //Psych Web.// Retrieved January 25, 2003 from http://www.psywww.com/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2003).//Using American Psychological Association (APA) format// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">(Updated to 5th edition). Retrieved February 18, 2003 from the Purdue University Online Writing Lab <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/print/research/r_apa.html